Speaking to the House of Commons on 5 November 1919, Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill acknowledged in veiled terms that there was a hidden force behind the Bolshevik Revolution:
"Lenin was sent into Russia by the Germans in the same way that you might send a phial containing a culture of typhoid or cholera to be poured into the water supply of a great city, and it worked with amazing accuracy." [1]
Churchill was not a "conspiracy theorist" - he knew very well how revolutions are made. The ruling class of Great Britain, of which he was a part, had already in the 18th century turned the British Isles into the very "phial" in which the most diverse subversive movements were cultivated - intended to be "poured into the water supply" of the countries of Europe, America and Asia.
This article looks at the most significant movements that Britain has used and continues to use to influence, destabilise and overthrow foreign governments.
Contents
Freemasonry of the Grand Lodge of England
Young Freemasonry
Communist League
First International
Socialist International
Radical Islam
Conclusion
FREEMASONRY OF THE GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND
Freemasonry of the Grand Lodge of England is a vast worldwide network spanning five continents and comprising 155 daughter Grand Lodges under the jurisdiction of the mother Grand Lodge of England, founded in 1717.
Through its daughter lodges, Great Britain gains the ability to covertly influence the countries where they are located. The wide range of influence explains the connection of the Grand Lodge of England with the British intelligence services. [2] The connection is so deep that, as one researcher noted, "it is difficult to know where the lodge ends and the intelligence begins."
Another reason for Freemasonry's cooperation with the secret services is the Masonic vow of silence: "Nowadays, the Masonic lodge is directly connected with state intelligence services. Agents are selected according to certain criteria, among which the ability to keep secrets is key. This is why Masons have an advantage when it comes to promotion to leadership positions." [2]
Thus, the daughter lodges of English Freemasonry in United States, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Israel and other countries of Europe and the world actually act as conductors of British influence and centers of activity for British intelligence services.
The influence of Freemasonry is not limited to London's foreign policy interests. It also serves as a source of corruption for state institutions: Freemasons often use their connections for selfish purposes - for personal enrichment, career advancement and favorable court decisions.
YOUNG FREEMASONRY
Young Freemasonry was a network of subversive lodges created in the 1830s in Europe by Lord Palmerston and his agent Giuseppe Mazzini.
Henry Palmerston, who served as Foreign Secretary (1830-34) and then Prime Minister (1835-41), sought to transform Great Britain into a world empire. However, he was hampered by the European monarchies, which he planned to crush by relying on national revolutionary movements. According to his plan, the place of the overthrown dynasties was to be taken by Masonic democracies - pliable instruments of London. Democracy, reduced to the level of ochlocracy by means of universal suffrage, is the most convenient form of government for Freemasonry.
"After 1815, the French are generally became pliant tools of London. But in central and eastern Europe, there was Prince Metternich's Austrian Empire, a very strong land power. There was vast Imperial Russia, under the autocrat Nicholas I or the reformer Alexander II. There was the Kingdom of Prussia. For Britain to rule the world, the Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia had to be broken up. There is also the matter of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. Starting with Lord Byron's Greek Revolution in the 1820s, British policy has been to play the card of national liberation against each of these rival empires." [3]
The upcoming revolution was planned and financed by the Grand Lodge Freemason Lord Palmerston, and implemented by the British agent, the Grand Orient Freemason Giuseppe Mazzini. The engine of the revolution was the network of subversive lodges created by Mazzini, which included Young Italy, Young Poland, Young Germany and Young Europe. [4]
"Young" Masonic organizations continued to multiply: Young America, Young England and Young Turkey. The "young" recruits were trained in subversive methods, including terror tactics and the use of dynamite. They were known as anarchists and nihilists. Their mission was to spread revolution in Europe under the leadership of Mazzini. [5]
The centre of this subversive activity was London. Webster Tarpley describes the reaction of European monarchs to the transformation of the British capital into a refuge for revolutionaries and criminal scum drawn from all corners of Europe:
"Leopold of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, now the king of Belgium, has been complaining to his niece Queen Victoria that in London there is maintained a sort of menagerie of Kossuths, Mazzinis, Legranges, Ledru-Rollins, etc. ... to let loose occasionally on the continent to render its quiet and prosperity impossible." [6]
The apogee of the activities of Young Freemasonry was the Revolution of 1848, which shook Europe.
And although this revolutionary fire was temporarily extinguished, the British ruling class, not having abandoned its goal of subjugating continental Europe, placed its bets on a new force - the world communist movement.
Lord Palmerston's Mistake
The peculiarity of the Young Freemasonry that Palmerston used was that, being created under the auspices of the Grand Orient, it was hostile not only to the monarchies of continental Europe, but also to the British monarchy itself, together with its English Freemasonry of the Grand Lodge. Figuratively speaking, Palmerston played with fire.
If the English Freemasonry of the Grand Lodge is a religious, monarchical, capitalist structure, oriented towards the elite and representing the political right, then the French Freemasonry of the Grand Orient, on the contrary, stands on atheistic, revolutionary and republican positions, relies on the masses and expresses the interests of left-wing movements. [7]
Palmerston believed that, by relying on the secret services, he could control the Freemasonry of the Grand Orient, which led the Young Lodges, the Communist League and the first two Internationals, ensuring that the revolutionary fire did not spread from the continent to the British Isles. But Palmerston was wrong. No one can feel safe from a pathogenic bacterium that has been released into the wild, not even its creators.
"After the Paris Revolution of 1871, the revolutionaries of the Grand Orient turned their attention to Britain. One of them declared: We look forward to the day when we can overthrow the Queen of England and turn Buckingham Palace into a workshop." [8]
"The Grand Orient had entered London with Karl Marx as early as 1849. Another agent of the Grand Orient in the British Isles was the Fabian Society (1883), which incited workers to strikes and unrest. By 1887, revolutionary tensions in England had erupted in Bloody Sunday, when 10,000 demonstrators clashed with armed police and the army in the capital.
Grand Lodge Freemasonry, fearing that a communist revolution was about to take place in England, was forced to make concessions to the Grand Orient. In 1889, at the Masonic Congress in Paris, English Freemasonry, seeking to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, adopted a policy of state socialism, demanding in return the preservation of its political power. Freemasonry persuaded the English Crown to submit to socialist democracy in exchange for maintaining its status as the nominal head of the country." [9]
Today, the British ruling class is repeating its old mistake by turning its country into a den of radical Islamic organizations that are used by British intelligence services for subversive activities in the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and China. It seems that the desire to make life difficult for others, inherited from the Venetian aristocracy that moved to England in the 16th and 18th centuries [10], continues to dominate the policies of the British ruling class, eclipsing the instinct for self-preservation.
COMMUNIST LEAGUE
The Communist League was a secret revolutionary organization founded in 1847 in London, based on the League of the Just, which was led by the leader of the labor movement, Wilhelm Weitling. British agents, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, both Freemasons of the Grand Orient [11], pushed Weitling out of the leadership and imposed their program on the League, the Communist Manifesto (1948). As a result, the Communist League, together with the Young Freemasons, became an active participant in the Revolution of 1848.
Marxist Genocide
One of the most destructive features of Marxism is its theory of class struggle, according to which the "oppressed class" must establish a dictatorship in order to destroy the "reactionary class". The cunning of this theory lies in the fact that the "reactionary class" was declared to be the so-called "bourgeoisie," which includes not only the owners of the means of production, but also the intelligentsia. As a result, the revolutionary genocide of the "bourgeoisie" inevitably led to the decapitation of the nation, the collapse of the economy, devastation, famine and the establishment of a harsh dictatorship of professional revolutionaries. This scenario was equally realized in Paris in 1871, in Russia in 1917, and in Hungary in 1919.
The pioneers of Marxist genocide were the Communards, who ruled Paris from March to May 1871. Nicholas Hagger, in "The Secret History of the West", claims that the Communards massacred some 30,000 Parisians and tried to set Paris on fire. The areas of Paris liberated from the Communards lay in ruins. [8] About 90,000 people died in Paris during the military actions of 1871. [12]
The baton of Marxist genocide was taken up by the Russian Bolsheviks in 1917. Like the Communards, they purposefully destroyed the intelligentsia, seeking to decapitate the Russian nation. John Daniel in his book "Scarlet and the Beast" cites the instructions of the head of the Red Terror in Ukraine, Martyn Latsis:
"We are not waging war against individuals. We are exterminating the bourgeoisie. Do not look for evidence of what the accused has done against the Soviet government - in deeds or words. The first question you should ask him is: what class does he belong to, what is his origin, education and profession."
The Bolsheviks surpassed the Communards not only in the number of victims, but also in the cruelty of executions. Analyzing the mutilations described in the report of the Rohrberg commission, formed on April 4, 1919 to investigate the crimes of the Bolsheviks in liberated Kyiv, John Daniel concludes that the Cheka staff practiced Masonic ritual violence:
"The mutilations described by the Commission bore clear signs of Masonic ritual murders committed by members of the O.T.O. order. Some bodies had been disemboweled, while others had had their tongues cut out (mutilations typical of the punishment of Masons who reveal secrets). Some of the corpses had wedges driven through their hearts, others had their limbs severed and were literally hacked to pieces. Others had their eyes gouged out while still alive (a practice typical of the Masonic ritual mutilations carried out by Jack the Ripper in London in 1888). The best evidence that the Cheka was nothing more than a Masonic lodge of the O.T.O., which committed Satanic ritual murders, were the numerous Masonic symbols carved on the heads, faces, necks and torsos of the victims." [13]
The Hungarian Communists, led by the mason of the Great East, Bela Kun, did not lag behind the Bolsheviks. [14] The Hungarian writer Cecile de Tormay, a witness to the regime of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, writes in her "Forbidden Book" (1919):
"The most distinguished was the head of the Cheka, Tibor Szamuely, who traveled around Hungary in a special train, sowing terror and death. Wherever his train stopped, people could be seen hanging from trees and blood flowing on the ground. Naked, mutilated corpses were strewn along the railway tracks. Szamuely passed sentences on the train, and whoever entered it could no longer tell about what he had seen. Szamuely was guarded by thirty terrorists and accompanied by selected executioners.
The train consisted of two first-class carriages, occupied by the terrorists, and two third-class carriages, for the victims. The last carriage was where the executions took place. The floor of this carriage was covered in blood. The corpses were thrown out of the windows, while Samueli sat comfortably in an elegant compartment, upholstered in pink damask and decorated with mirrors. With a wave of his hand, he decided questions of life and death." [15]
FIRST INTERNATIONAL
The First International is an international organization of the working class, founded in 1864 in London. [16] Having nominated their agents, K. Marx and F. Engels, to the leadership of the International, the ruling class of Great Britain was able to use the labor movement in its own interests. After the dissolution of the First International in 1876, its work was continued in 1889 by The Second International, also oriented toward Marxism. [17]
Marxists as followers of the Bavarian Illuminati
Among the aims of the First International, as set out in the "Communist Manifesto", the following deserve special attention:
1. Abolition of fatherland and nationality;
2. Abolition of property and the right of inheritance;
3. Abolition of religion and morality;
4. Destruction of the family;
5. Introduction of high taxes;
6. Only the state has the right of ownership;
7. Management must be "concentrated in the hands of an association of individuals". (Marx did not specify who these "individuals" were.) [18]
Nesta Webster in her book World Revolution [19] noted the similarity between the goals of the Communist Manifesto and the program of the Bavarian Illuminati [20], one of the most destructive secret societies in European history. The points of this program are given in Salem Kirban's book Satans Angels Exposed:
1. Abolition of government;
2. Abolition of private property;
3. Abolition of inheritance;
4. Abolition of patriotism;
5. Abolition of religions;
6. Abolition of the family;
7. Creation of a World Government. [21]
An additional fact of the connection between Marxists and the Illuminati is the holiday of May Day - the day of international solidarity of workers, which coincides with the day of the founding of the Bavarian Illuminati on May 1, 1776.
Marxism, World State and World Government
In setting out the goals of the proletariat in the Manifesto, Karl Marx was silent about the desire of Freemasonry to create a World State under the control of a World Government. However, it is precisely this goal that is implied in the Manifesto's clause on the "abolition of fatherland and nationality." This goal was later openly declared by the Freemason of the Grand Orient, Leon Trotsky [22] in his article "War and the Fourth International" [23]:
"The defence of the national state is in the full sense of the word a reactionary task. The national state with its borders, passports, monetary system, customs and the army for the protection of customs has become a frightful impediment to the economic and cultural development of humanity. The task of the proletariat is not the defence of the national state but its complete and final liquidation."
The result of the International's activities was a series of proletarian revolutions in Russia in 1905 and 1917, in Germany in 1918 and in Hungary in 1919; the transformation of Russia into a stronghold of communism and an attempt to export the revolution from the USSR to Germany in 1920. [24]
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL
The Socialist International is an international organisation of left-wing parties and trade unions, headquartered in London. [25]
A little-known fact is that the Socialist International was founded in 1923 by Freemasons of the Grand Orient who had been expelled from the Communist International for their unwillingness to break with Freemasonry. A Resolution banning Communists from membership in Masonic lodges was unanimously adopted at the IV Congress of the Comintern, held in Moscow in 1922. [26]
During the Second World War, the Socialist International collapsed. After the division of Europe at the Yalta Conference in 1945, the Freemasonry of the Grand Orient came under the control of Great Britain. Therefore, the headquarters of the Socialist International, which resumed its activities in 1951, turned out to be in London.
For those who want to find out the connection between this or that leftist party and the Freemasonry of the Grand Orient, I recommend looking at the list of members of the Socialist International. This list, for example, includes three Israeli parties - Avoda, Meretz and The Democrats, which form the core of the Israeli left camp, as well as two Russian parties - A Just Russia and the Social Democratic Party of Russia.
The modern Socialist International, which unites 156 parties from 126 countries of the world, is a powerful instrument of influence in the hands of the British ruling class. In 2017, Socialist International President Antonio Guterres was elected as UN Secretary-General. As head of the UN, Guterres outlined the features of British global policy - the weakening of national sovereignty, fanatical anti-Zionism and the desire to reduce the population of the Earth. The apogee of Guterres' activity as UN Secretary-General was the organization of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
RADICAL ISLAM
A brief historical overview will help us to uncover Britain's links with radical Islam, including the Muslim Brotherhood and its Palestinian wing, Hamas. [27,28]
Britain creates Salafism and Wahhabism to destroy the Ottoman Empire
In 1871, German engineers supervising the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad railway discovered rich oil deposits in the Ottoman province of Mosul (now in Iraq). Germany soon entered into an agreement with the Ottoman Empire to exploit these deposits.[29] The plan was for the Mesopotamian oil to be transported to Europe via the future railway, providing Germany with energy independence in the coming oil era.[30]
However, this project threatened the interests of the British Empire. The Berlin-Baghdad railway was becoming not only a transport but also a geopolitical competitor to the Suez Canal Company, 44% of whose shares were owned by Great Britain. Even more dangerous for London was the economic union between Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which opened up access to Middle Eastern oil for Berlin.
The answer was a British plan to destroy the Ottoman Empire, seize the Mesopotamian oil fields, and build a pipeline from the Mosul area to the port of Haifa, a future refueling point for British oil tankers. The Kirkuk-Haifa oil pipeline will enter service in 1934.
The British planned to destroy the Ottoman Empire by organizing an Arab revolt, setting the Arabs against their Turkish co-religionists. But since Islam forbids Muslims to fight each other, the British intelligence services created radical Islamic movements - Salafism and Wahhabism - designed to declare the Ottomans apostates and raise the Arab masses against them. [31]
The Arab Revolt of 1916 helped the Allied forces drive the Ottomans out of the Middle East and played a role in the destruction of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
Britain as the Muslim Brotherhood's midwife
After establishing control over the Middle East, Great Britain faced a new task: maintaining the positions it had won. To this end, in 1928, with the assistance of British intelligence services, the Salafist organization "Muslim Brotherhood" was created [33, 34], which soon became London's strike force in the region.
Britain played the role of midwife at the birth of the Muslim Brotherhood, and after its birth, it became a caring nurse, helping the organization grow stronger and get back on its feet.
The founders of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna and Rashid Rida, were closely connected with British intelligence, which at that time was supervised in the Middle East by a British intelligence officer, Professor Arnold Toynbee. [35]
Rashid Rida was a student of Muhammad Abduh, a teacher at the Islamic University of Al-Azhar, the Grand Mufti of Egypt and, according to a number of sources, an English Freemason. [35, 36] Abduh, in turn, was a student of Jamaluddin al-Afghani, the founder of Pan-Islamism, an agent of the British secret service and a Freemason of the Grand Lodge of England. [35, 37]
From its earliest days, the Muslim Brotherhood received funding from the Suez Canal Company, a key instrument of British imperialism in Egypt. [35] Notably, the Brotherhood's headquarters were located on the second floor of the Suez Canal Company building in the port city of Ismailia.[34] Moreover, the Company helped al-Banna build the first Muslim Brotherhood mosque, which opened in 1930. [35, 38]
Muslim Brotherhood: London's Strike Force
Since its founding, the Muslim Brotherhood has served as an instrument of British policy in the Middle East, acting as shock troops aimed at overthrowing regimes and eliminating leaders pursuing sovereign, nationalist policies. [39] Among the most notorious terrorist acts and coups d'état carried out by this organization in the interests of London are the following:
• The assassination of Jordan's King Abdullah in 1951, which was revenge for his collusion with Israel during the 1948 War of Independence and for trying to conclude a peace agreement with Israel.
• An assassination attempt on Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1954, in response to his plans to nationalise the Suez Canal. Following the defeat of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, British intelligence moved its administrative base to London. [40]
• The assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981 was punishment for signing a peace treaty with Israel.
• The 2011 Egyptian revolution that led to the overthrow of the secular regime of Hosni Mubarak and the rise to power of the Muslim Brotherhood led by Mohamed Morsi. [41]
• The Hamas attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, resulting in genocide against Israeli civilians. According to some experts, British intelligence services are behind the Hamas attack on Israel. E. V. Gilbo, President of the International Academy of Humanitarian Technologies (Washington, DC) believes that "This is clearly an English operation." [41a] Doctor of History A. I. Fursov holds a similar point of view: "The beginning of the conflict between Israel and Hamas points to the handwriting of the British intelligence services. We see how the Americans are trying to dampen this conflict, and the British are spinning it up." [41b]
British intelligence services shape public opinion in the Arab world
In 2014, Qatari media company Fadaat Media founded the London-based Arab news agency Al-Araby Al-Jadeed, which has become one of the most influential and popular in the Arab world.
• Reaching over 500 million people worldwide, Fadaat Media is one of the largest media networks.
• The printed and digital versions of Al-Araby Al-Jadeed newspaper are distributed in both Arab and Western countries, including the UK, Qatar, Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Austria and Switzerland. It is distributed in 158 cities, 10 airports, Qatar Airways and Turkish Airlines flights, 750 hotels and community centres, 1,770 points of sale and 360 Arab embassies and consulates worldwide.
• In the first six months, the publication's Alexa ranking increased from 50,000 to 6,232, surpassing other Arabic news sites. [42,43]
With such a powerful propaganda tool at its disposal, London has the opportunity to shape public opinion both on the 'Arab street' in the Middle East and among the Arab diasporas in the EU and the US. Given the high level of suggestibility and religious sensitivity of the Arab population, British intelligence services are capable of not only provoking mass anti-government protests and riots, but also directing crowds to commit religious pogroms and ethnic cleansing.
British ruling class uses Radical Islam to destroy Civilization
In 1961, the British establishment moved the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood from Egypt to London, saving its proxy structure from liquidation by the regime of President Nasser. [40] Another aim of this move was to use radical Islam to strengthen the power of the ruling elites by degrading civil society in Britain and Western Europe.
The Russian historian A.I. Fursov spoke about how the degradation of society contributes to the strengthening of the power of the ruling class:
"According to Ashby's law, the controlling subsystem must be more complex than the system it controls, only in this case can the system develop normally, and the managers will retain their positions - power, status, property.
For two hundred years, since the active beginning of the industrial revolution, the Western upper classes were more complex in terms of organization, science, technology, and culture than the lower classes and the middle class. This was ensured by scientific and technical progress, which at the same time constantly increased the social and educational level of complexity of society.
At some point, this level began to threaten the positions of the top, and they consciously went for its reduction. Feeling the danger for themselves in further progress, they bet on the degradation of the bulk of the population. In order for a relatively dumb person to be able to govern, the governed must be even dumber - the scheme: dumb and even dumber." [44]
Since the 1960s, the British elite has opened Europe's doors to Muslim immigration, a process that has taken on the character of an invasion since the creation of the European Union.
According to E.V. Gilbo, the destruction of European society is carried out through the suppression of the cultural hegemony of the indigenous ethnic groups of the white race and the imposition of dominance by alien, anti-civilization ethnic groups. [45]
In her lectures devoted to the problem of racial substitution in Europe and the USA, E.V. Gilbo notes:
"To carry out Islamization, the British elite has placed its bets on a radical form of Islam. Using the state budget, the government is carrying out mass construction of mosques and paying salaries to radical imams who are engaged in cultivating the youth. [45]
The mass construction of mosques in Europe is being carried out on the initiative of state programs, and not at the request of migrants. Muslims are driven into the mosques that have been built by administrative measures, since only 3% of them are truly religious.
Islamic terrorism in Europe is carried out under the direction of European intelligence services, which control Muslim preachers and recommend them to carry out radical propaganda.
Similar processes are taking place in Russia, where the British agents retain significant influence in the structures of the special services. The German special services have no subjectivity at all and operate under Anglo-American control. The key role in encouraging Islamic radicalism in Europe belongs to Great Britain." [46]
By indulging in Islamization, the British elite not only floods the country with Muslim migrants, but also encourages the newcomers to commit crimes against the native population, while protecting the criminals from justice. The city of Rochdale has become a scandalous symbol of modern Britain, where for many years gangs of Muslim paedophiles raped children with impunity under the protection of the police and the prosecutor's office. [47-50]
In an effort to suppress indigenous resistance, the British ruling class passed the Online Safety Act 2023, dubbed the "Digital Gulag Act". [51, 52] Under the guise of protecting children and under threat of large fines, the law introduces total internet censorship, abolishes privacy, restricts freedom of speech and access to information.
Not content with the "Digital Gulag Act", in July 2025 Starmer's left-wing government established a special police unit to monitor anti-immigration sentiment on social media.[53]
The Islamization of the "birthplace of modern democracy" has gone so far that Italian journalist Giulio Meotti, who visited the British Isles in 2025 and saw radical Muslims rising to the top government posts and municipal leadership, wrote an article titled "England Could Become an Islamist State with Nuclear Weapons". [54]
A similar process is taking place in Germany, a geopolitical adversary of Great Britain. The reason is that after 1945, Germany lost its state subjectivity in favor of the "Occupation Council", which included the United States, the USSR, Great Britain, and France. Despite Wikipedia's claims, this body was not dissolved in 1990 [55]. After the collapse of the USSR and the weakening of the US influence in Europe, Great Britain took a dominant position in the Council. This explains the inability of German governments to pursue independent policies in key areas, from the economy to immigration.
Today it is becoming obvious to everyone that in his dystopian novel 1984 - about a totalitarian society of Big Brother, the Ministry of Truth, total population control and violence against dissidents - George Orwell predicted the future of his country.
CONCLUSION
For centuries, the British ruling class has used the British Isles as a base for subversive movements to sow chaos and destruction in other countries. In the past, it was Young Freemasonry, then revolutionary organisations and the labour movement, and today it is radical Islam. [56]
Why can't Britain coexist peacefully with other countries like Japan? Both are island nations, both lack significant natural resources. However, Japan has achieved wealth and prosperity through hard work, technological advancement and international cooperation.
The problem is that the British ruling class is not satisfied with wealth and prosperity - it is seeking to regain the world hegemony it enjoyed before World War I. [57, 63]
But in peaceful competition with smarter rivals like Germany, or with richer and larger powers like the US, China and Russia, Britain has no chance of winning. So its elite has chosen a different path - the path of destruction, seeking to subjugate the world not through creation, but through chaos.
Having embarked on a path of destruction, Great Britain has become the world's center of evil. In an effort to overthrow undesirable governments, it incites religious, racial, ethnic and military conflicts - either directly or through its proxy structures. [63] Where conflicts prove ineffective, British intelligence services step in, resorting to terrorism, coups d'état and the assassination of political leaders. [64]